In the context of post-1870 France, numerous shooting and gymnastics companies were created that continued to develop these gymnastics methods.
Private exercise rooms began to open in Paris and in the other major French cities. In 19 th century France, gymnastics was becoming institutionalised, both at school and in the army, two areas particularly coveted in the competitive arena of physical exercises (Defrance, 1987). But it was Colonel Francisco Amoros who finally claimed the invention of the trapeze in its current form (a horizontal bar suspended from two vertical ropes): his method was based on utilitarian gymnastics using apparatus that aimed to strengthen both body and mind. This triangle was then used by Phokion Clias in his "callisthenics" gymnastic method composed of simple, moderate exercises aimed at young girls. The latter performed rope exercises, which then became flying exercises, on an apparatus composed of a horizontal bar suspended by two ropes joined at the top, known as the moving triangle (Strehly 1903 Thétard, 1947). The invention of the trapeze, from the Greek trapezion, or small table, which was a popular piece of apparatus in ancient gymnastics, was therefore frequently attributed to the world of acrobats. The origins of the trapeze are of course not only gymnastic, and once again, a complex web of invention, borrowing, and filiation exists. Having given pride of place to equestrian work and pantomimes until the first half of the 19 th century, circus programmes were now based on other exercises, stemming this time from gymnastics. From 1850 onward, the first fixed trapeze and rings exercises appeared in the ring and the Italian Francisco brothers were applauded in London in 1852.
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